IOSR-JHSS   Volume-20 ~ Issue-9 ~ Sep-2015

Abstract: In Kerala a hydro electric project is proposed in the vicinity of the Athirappilly waterfalls. Athirappilly is a Panchayath in Chalakudy Taluk of Thrissur district. The proposed project has direct and indirect impact on the socio economic life of the people of Athirappilly. The primitive tribes like Malayas, Mala Malasars, Mannans and Kadars live in the project area and the most affected tribes are the Kadar tribe. The literacy rate, employment pattern, income and the general appreciation of the project is analyzed in the article .The literacy rate of the Kadar tribe is only 27 per cent. The income of this community is low that 50 per cent of them have income below Rs .5000 per month. The drop out of students from different schools is 48 per cent. The government of Kerala has to take immediate initiative to rehabilitate them to a suitable surrounding.

[1]. Gadgil Report (2011), - Report of the Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel Submitted to the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India.
[2]. Minutes (2015), of the Kerala state Electricity Board, Held on 23rd January, 2015.
[3]. Kerala High Court judgment dated 17.10.2001
[4]. Report (2007), Environment Impact Assessment cell, Government of India .
[5]. Bulletin (1996), Tropical Botanical Gardens and Research Institute (TBGRI) ,Government of Kerala.
[6]. Report (2007), Kerala State Bio Diversity Department, Submitted to the Government of Kerala.
[7]. Report (2015), Kerala State Forest Division (unpublished).

Abstract:The risk of global recession occasioned by the Global Economic Meltdown (GEM) heightened the volatility of commodity prices, which is the mainstay of most developing countries Nigeria inclusive. This paper evaluates the implications of the global economic meltdown on the Nigerian Capital market development. Data for the study are mainly secondary in form of annual aggregate time series data of market share index as the dependent variable and exchange rate, interest rate, inflation rate, unemployment rate as independent variables with a Dummy to represent the period of economic crisis. Ordinary least square (OLS) of multiple regressions was used to analyze the data into econometric model while F-statistics was used to test for the formulated hypotheses. Among the study findings are that the global economic meltdown has a negative effect on the Nigerian capital market development. On the basis of the findings, the study recommend fiscal policy formulation in form of tax regime, subsidies, grant and subvention as means for sustaining productive activities within the Nigerian economy.

[1]. Alajekwu U. B. and Achugbu A. (2011) The Role of Stock Market Development on Economic Growth in Nigeria: A Time Series Analysis African Research Review An International Multidisciplinary Journal, Ethiopia. 5(6): 213 -230.
[2]. Alile, H.I. (2007): The Role of Capital Market in Economic Development Convocation Lecture at LAUTECH: November 1, 2007.
[3]. Abdul A. (2008). The effects of Global Financial Crisis in Nigerian Economy. Adamuabdulmumeen@yahoo.com
[4]. Aiguh L. A. (2013) the impact of capital market on the economic growth of Nigeria. Uooba1009@gmail.com
[5]. Ajakaiye and Fakiyesi (2009) Global Financial Crisis Discussion Series Paper 8: Nigeria.
[6]. Andy (2010) the effect of global economic meltdown in financial institution Gbeneye, E.M (2014): "Global Economic Meltdown: Implications To Nigeria", International Journal of Economics, Business and Finance,Vol. 2, (4), 1 – 9. http://ijebf.com/

Abstract: The objective of the study is to examine the historical Perspective of systematic transformation and incorporation of Nigerian economy into the world capitalist system. The world economy today is based on global relationship of production and distribution (Exchange) which has led to polarization of the world system into the concept of the Metropolis and Satellite. The colonial experience of many developing countries both in Latin America and Africa Countries underline a relationship of exploitation, domination and continuous dependency of less Developed Countries (LDCS) on the centre rather than achieving an autonomous capitalist development. Most of the LDCS are still tied to the apron-string of the forces of neo-colonialism and imperialism due to the contradictory dialectical economic structures of capitalism.

[1]. Amzat, J. and Olutayo, A.O. (2009). Nigeria Capitalism and Question of Equity: The Journal of Anthropology, Kamlaj: Vol. 11, 4, 239-241.
[2]. Colander, D. (2002). Macroeconomics 5th edition. United States: Irwin McGraw hill Publishers.
[3]. Freund, B. and Shelton, B. (1978).The Incorporation of Northern Nigeria into the Capitalist system: Review of the Journal of Political Economy, London: Vol. 3,2,3-4.
[4]. Ikime, O. (1979). The Fall of Nigeria. London, United Kingdom: Heinemann publishers.
[5]. Sanusi, L. S. (2010)." Growth Prospects for Nigerian Economy," CBN. http://www. Cenbank. Org. Extracted on December 2010, P. 1-34.
[6]. Smith, S. (1978). Colonialism in Economy Theory: Experience of Nigeria. The Journal of Development Studies, London U.K.,15,1-4.
[7]. Stiglitz, J.E. (2007). Making Globalization Work. Great Britain: Penguin Books Publishers.
[8]. Wallenstein, I. (1980). Capitalist World Economy. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press.
[9]. World Bank (2015). "Economy Nigeria." http://en.wikipedia.org/worldbank and Nigeria economy. Extracted on 12 march, 2015

Abstract: As Coulmas (2005:52) observes 'Language is a tradition, which flows from one generation to another. It is handed down from one generation to the next in a way that allows members of coexisting generations to communicate.' But it is not handed down unaltered. For, each generation gradually recreates the language of its predecessors along with their changing lifestyle with the passage of time.

[1]. Bloomfield, Leonard. (1933). Language New York, Henry Holt and Company, pp.247-263. Bolinger, L. Dwight. (1957). Locus versus class p. 31-37.
[2]. Bora, Satyanath.(1992). Bahal Vyakaran first published in 1925, Gopal-Barua Agency.
[3]. Bowven, Elizabeth (1971). The death of the heart. Cambridge University Press.
[4]. Bright, William. (2007 )Sociolinguistics Mouton and Co. Publishers, the Hauge, Netherlands.
[5]. Brown P. and Levinson S.C.(1987) Politeness : Some universal of language use. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
[6]. Brown, R. and A. Gilman. (1960). the Pronouns of Power and Solidarity. In T.A.Sebeok (ed.), Style in language, New York : John Wiley. In Fishman (1968), Giglioli (1972) and Laver and Hutchesom (1972).

Abstract: Educational aspirations play important roles to motivate students in their learning process. Students in urban poor communities need support to improve their educational aspirations. Educational psychologists proposed the importance of providing an opportunity for students to experience success. It is suggested that the use of effective learning strategies would provide those opportunities. A learning module using a metacognitive approach was used as an intervention in the study. The study showsthat metacognitive strategies can help students become aware of the learning process and eventually develop the sense of control and feeling of success. A total of eight sessions of intervention program was conducted on 18 students in one poor urban community in Malaysia. This paper reports the participants' educational aspiration before and after the intervention.

[1]. Beyer, B. K. (1987). Practical strategies for the teaching of thinking. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
[2]. Beyer, B. K. (1988). Developing Thinking Skill Program. New York: Allyn & Bacon, Inc.
[3]. Brunell, B.A. (2003). The Real World aspirations of work-bound rural students. Journal of Research in Rural Education 18 (2):104-113.
[4]. Faerch, C., & Kasper,. G. (1983). Strategies in Interlanguage Communication. London: Longman.
[5]. Gagné, R. M. (1985). The conditions of learning and theory of instruction( 4th ed.). New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston
[6]. Johnson, S.T. (1992). Extra school factors in achievement, attainment, and aspiration among junior and senior high school age African American youth. Journal of Negro Education 61 (1):99-119
[7]. McJunkin, K.S. (2010). Understanding the college-going aspiration of charter high school student and the role of social network. Thesis PhD, University of California.

Abstract: Family is the center of one's personal universe, where individual's needs are met and protected from known and perceived danger and harm. In the developing countries, one of the challenges experienced by households is family insecurity resulting from multi-dimensional factors such as poverty, lack of resources to grow/buy food, poor nutritional education and much more. The other major factors associated with family insecurity are economic decline and political instability in Nigeria as a case study. This paper discusses family security as a panacea to achieving family livelihood in Nigeria.

Keywords: Family security, Family insecurity, Food security, Livelihood, Quality life.

[1]. Lichter, D.T., & Jensen, L., (2002). Rural America in transition: Poverty and welfare in the turn of the twenty-first century. In B.A. Weber, G. J. Duncan, & L.A. Whitener (Eds.), Rural dimensions of welfare reform (pp.77-110). Kalamazoo, Michigan: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.
[2]. Nmom, O.C. (2013). Nigerian family values amidst security challenges. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development.4: (4)
[3]. Berry, A., Katrax, M.J., Sano, Y., Lee, J.,& Bauer, J.W. (2008). Job volatility of rural, low-income mothers: A mixed methods approach. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 29, 5-22 doi: 10.1007/s10834-007-9096-I.
[4]. Dolan, E.M., Seiling, S.B., &Glesner, T. (2006). Making it work: rural low-income women in service jobs. Paper presented at the Eastern Family Economics and Resources Management Association Conference, Knoxville, TN. Retrieved December 20, 2007, from http://mrupured.myweb.uga.edu/conf/5.pdf.

Abstract: The English Language can be taught to learners for a more general cause – for communication – or for a specified and special reason – for academic purposes. The latter is characterized by meeting specific needs of the learners; hence a different methodology from that of general English is employed. At a university whose medium of instruction is English, students form non English speaking countries learn intensive English in order to equip themselves with the English skills that are necessary for their academic studies. This research studied the errors that are made by such learners at Solusi University and made recommendations in order to improve English writing skills.

[1]. Abdul R, M; Goh, L and Wan R, E (2004). English Errors and Chinese Learners. Sunway College Journal 1, 83–97(2004)
[2]. Al-Khasawneh, F. M.S. (2010. Writing for Academic Purposes: Problems faced by Arab Postgraduate Students of the College of Business, UUM. ESP World, Issue 2 (28), Volume 9, 2010, http://www.esp-world.info
[3]. Basrah, A.Z. (2013). Grammatical errors committed by ELS upper secondary school learners in writing, http://www.academia.edu/3576696/Grammatical_Errors_Committed_by_ESL_Upper_Secondary_School_Learners
[4]. Chapman, S. (2011). Pragmatics. England: Palgrave Ltd.
[5]. Holling, Jennifer Christa (2004). Evaluating the impact of errors made by English language learners on a high-stakes, holistically scored writing assessment. http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/1328
[6]. Hussein, E; Mahmoud T. (2011). European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 20, Number 4 (2011) 543 An Analysis of Written Grammatical Errors of Arab Learners of English as a Foreign Language at Alzaytoonah Private University of Jordan.

Abstract: It is evident that all forms of societies; traditional or modern, have an established legal codes that provided grounds for the justice system to operate and ensure social control and harmony in society. However, in most societies, these legal codes has an attachment to the religious belief of either the dominant group or otherwise, which provide a complex set of norms and doctrines within which the justice system will be made relevant. In an area called Northern Nigeria generally and Sokoto province in particular, there was an established legal codes; Shari'āh, with distinct court system where Maẓālim court in Sokoto was the apex of all courts in the entire Caliphate, deeply rooted anddominant in the societybefore the establishment of colonial rule in the area in 1900.

1 See K. S. Tsafe, State and Economy in the Sokoto Caliphate: Policies and Practices in the Metropolitan Districts, 1804-1903, Zaria, ABU press, 1999, Pp. 59-65 2 Sokoto Caliphate operated an "Emirate system‟ of government, where political units under an Emir enjoyed a proportional degree of freedom in administration without much interference from the Caliph who resides in Sokoto. Some of these emirates are: Katsina, Fombina, Kano and Zazzau among others. Thus, Sokoto as the headquarters of the Caliphate was administered within the pretext of an Emirate, though being headed by the Caliph and from where he exercises his temporal functions as the Caliph, not an Emir, hence the name Metropolitan Emirate. For details of this see S. Abubakar, "The Emirate-Type of Government in the Sokoto Caliphate", Journal of Historical Society of Nigeria, Vol. vii:2, 1974; S. Abubakar, "The Established Caliphate: Sokoto Caliphate, Emirates and their Neighbours", in Ikimi, O. (ed.), Ground work of Nigerian History, London, Heinemann, 1980; C. N. Uba, "The Emirate and Central Government: The Case of Kano – Sokoto Relations", In Y. B. Usman (ed.) Studies in the History of the Sokoto Caliphate,Nigeria, The Department of History – ABU Zaria and Sokoto State History and Culture Bureau, 1979cf Note 1 above. 3 See P. K. Tibenderana, Sokoto Province under Colonial Rule, 1903-1939, Nigeria, ABU Press, 1988 4 J. N. D. Anderson, Islamic Law in Africa, London, Franck Cass, 1978, P. ix 5 See T. Naniya, "History of Shariah in Some States of Northern Nigeria to Circa 2000", Journal of Islamic Studies, Vol. 13:1, 2002

Abstract: The reconstruction of a broken social and human fabric in a war shattered region has to be geared toward promoting human well-being and social justice, which constitute positive peace. Social empowerment and trust building improve the chances of successful reconstruction. In order to create a sustainable structure for peace, agreements among key stakeholders, leaders and politicians have to reflect the needs and interests of community groups and have to be supported by them. This paper evaluates the intervention programs implemented by the state and civil society towards post conflict reconstruction in Kibera and Mathare slums after the 2007/8 post-election violence in Kenya. Methodologically, the study utilized secondary sources with major emphasis on primary data collection.

[1]. Bashir, A.H. (2006). Negotiation Skills for Resolving Conflict, Mobilizing Resources. Nairobi: Ramco.
[2]. De Smedt Joham, "No Raila No Peace‟ Big Man Politics and Election Violence at the Kibra Sub County Grassroots‟. African affairs 108 no 433 (2009):581-598 Election Violence. Nairobi: Government Printer.
[3]. HYPERLINK,http://www.practicalaction.org/text/east-africa/peace6_reconstruction IDS Policy Briefing. "Making the Urban Poor Safer: Lessons from Nairobi and Maharashtra" Issue 47. December 2013 Interworks, World Bank Post-Conflict Unit, The Transition from War to Peace: An Overview, World Bank, April 1999.
[4]. Kalin, W. (2006)."The future of the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement."Forced Migration Review. Brookings-Bern Special Issue: 5-7.
[5]. Kombo D. K. & Tromp, D. L. A. (2006). Proposal and thesis writing Nairobi: Paulines
[6]. Marshall, K. ( 2011, May 26). Georgetown University . Retrieved May 9, 2014, from Berkley centre for religion, peace and world affairs : conflict-resolution-and-democratization http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/events/the-role-of-civil-society-in-peacebuilding-

Abstract: The identity of the woman in Revelation 12: 1-6 is apparently shrouded in a symbolism that is consistent with apocalyptic literature. This has, however, engendered scholarly debates as a result of divergent views on the issue. There is also lack of unanimity in hermeneutical approaches. The study attempts to refute or affirm certain interpretations about the identity of the woman in order to provide an acceptable interpretation. Some commentators regard the woman in Revelation 12 as a sign, church, Mary, Israel or the redeemed. All these interpretations are not without difficulties because they ignore essential features of the woman. The woman in Revelation 12 is the community of God's people in the Old Testament which spans to the church in the New Testament.

[1]. Ranko Stefanovic, Revelation of Jesus Christ, 2nd ed. (Berrien Springs, MI: Andrews University Press, 2009), 385.
[2]. Ibid.
[3]. Mervyn C. Maxwell, God Cares: The Message of Revelation (Nampa, ID: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1985), 319.The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saint, New Testament Student Study Guide (Salt Lake City, Utah: Intellectual Reserve,Inc., 1999), 171.Thomas Constable, "Notes on Revelation," 2015, http://soniclight.com/constable/notes/pdf/revelation.pdf. Stefanovic, Revelation of Jesus Christ, 107. John. F Walvoord, "The Revelation of Jesus Christ," 127, accessed July 22, 2015, http://www.walvoord.com.
[4]. David Treybig, "Revelation 12: Who Are the Woman, Child and Dragon?," Life, Hope & Truth, accessed July 19, 2015, http://lifehopeandtruth.com/prophecy/revelation/revelation-12/.
[5]. David Treybig, "Revelation 12: Who Are the Woman, Child and Dragon?," Life, Hope & Truth, accessed July 19, 2015, http://lifehopeandtruth.com/prophecy/revelation/revelation-12/.

Abstract: The popularity of Social Network Sites (SNSs) such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram demonstrates the addictive appeal of online communities, particularly among teenagers. Such addictive appeal is accompanied by both positive and negative aspects, which raises the question of what influences teenagers' choice of SNSs. This study addresses the gap in empirical research related to user gratification factors influencing choice of SNSs among high school teenagers. This was a quantitative study involving 481 respondents purposively drawn from Nairobi County. Findings revealed personal identity, surveillance and social capital significantly influencing choice of SNSs. The study recommended enhanced use of SNSs in behavior change communication among teenagers. Keywords: New Media, Social Network Sites, Teenagers, Motivations, User gratifications

[1] G. S. Sikolia, H. K. Mberia and W. O. Bigambo, "My social network, my choice‟: User gratification factors influencing choice of social network sites among teenagers, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 5(3), 2015.
[2] R. K. Baker and K. M. White, Predicting adolescents‟ use of social networking sites from an extended theory of planned behavior perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(6), 2010, 1591-1597.
[3] M. D. boyd and B. N. Ellison, Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13 (2008), 2008, 210-230.
[4] K. Subrahmanyam, S. M. Reich, N. Waechter, and G. Espinoza, Online and offline social networks: Use of social networking sites by emerging adults, Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29(2008), 2008, 420-433.
[5] J. Ahn, The effects of social network sites on adolescents‟ social and academic development: Current theories and controversies. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 62(8), 2011, 1435-1445.
[6] C. Greenhow and B. Robelia, Old communication, new literacies: Social network sites as social learning resources. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(2009), 2009, 1130-1161.

Abstract: Edward Wadie Said was a Palestinian American literary theorist. He was born in Jerusalem.He was an American citizen through his father. Said‟s father was a Palestinian who soldiered in the US army in World War I.Said‟s father was granted US citizenship for his military services. After the War in 1919 Said‟s father moved to Cairo and established his stationery business. Said spent his childhood in Jerusalem and Cairo (Egypt), where he attended elite British and American schools.

[1]. Edward Said, Orientalism( New York: Vintage Books, 1979), P.2
[2]. ibid, P.12
[3]. Edmund Clarence Stedman, ed. A Victorian Anthology, "Rudyard Kipling: Ballad of East & West (Cambridge: Riverside Ptress, 2001), P.86
[4]. Edward Said, Orientalism(New York: Vintage Books, 1979), P.183
[5]. Edward Said, (26 April 1980), "Islam Through Western Eyes," The Nation, Retrieved June 2013
[6]. Edward Said, Orientalism( New York: Vintage Books, 1979), P.357